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Presidents of United States

1. George Washington
2. John Adams
3. Thomas Jefferson
4. James Madison
5. James Monroe
6. John Quincy Adams
7. Andrew Jackson
8. Martin Van Buren
9. William H. Harrisson
10.John Tyler
11.James Polk
12.Zachary Taylor
13.Millard Fillmore
14.Franklin Pierce
15.James Buchanan
16.Abraham Lincoln
17.Adrew Johnson
18.Ulysses S. Grant
19.Rutherford B. Hayes
20.James A. Garfield
21.Chester A. Arthur
22.Grover Cleveland
23.Benjamin Harrison
24.Grover Cleveland
25.William Mckinley
26.Theodore Roosevelt
27.William Howard Taft
28.Woodrow Wilson
29.Warren G. Harding
30.Calvin Coolidge
31.Herbert Hoover
32.Franklin D. Roosevelt
33.Harry S. Truman
34.Dwight D. Eisenhower
35.John Kennedy
36.Lyndon B. Johnson
37.Richard M. Nixon
38.Gerald R. Ford
39.Jimmy Carter
40.Ronald Reagan
41.George H. W. Bush
42.Bill Clinton
43.George W. Bush

 

 

 

1. George Washington

-First president of the United States.
- Washington enjoyed less than three years of retirement at Mount Vernon, for he died of a throat infection December 14, 1799. For months the Nation mourned him.

2. John Adams

-Was elected Vice-President under George Washington

3. Thomas Jefferson

-He acquired the Lousiana Territory from Napoleon Bonaparte in 1803.

4. James Madison

-Madison made a major contribution to the ratification of the Constitution by writing, with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the Federalist essays.

5. James Monroe

-Formulated the Monroe Doctrine.

6. John Quincy Adams

-The first President who was the son of a President, John Adams

-Adams also urged the United States to take a lead in the development of the arts and sciences through the establishment of a national university, the financing of scientific expeditions, and the erection of an observatory.

7.Andrew Jackson

-In his first Annual Message to Congress, Jackson recommended eliminating the Electoral College. He also tried to democratize Federal officeholding.

-Two parties grew out of the old Republican Party--the Democratic Republicans, or Democrats, adhering to Jackson; and the National Republicans, or Whigs, opposing him.

8. Martin Van Buren

-He opposed not only the creation of a new Bank of the United States but also the placing of Government funds in state banks. He fought for the establishment of an independent treasury system to handle Government transactions.

9. William Henry Harrison

-He was the governor of the Indiana Territory for 12 years, whose prime task was to obtain title to Indian lands. He received permission to attack the confederacy in The Battle of Tippecanoe, when the Indian chieftain, Tecumseh, strengthened the conferderation to prevent furthur encroachment. However, harrison only caused a minor disruption to the confederacy and failed to diminish the Indian raids.

-However, at the battle of the thames, he lead a troop which defeated the combined British and Indian forces, Killing Tecumseh.

-He was dominated President and led the Whig program. However he caught a cold which developed into pneumonia. He died within a month of entering office.

   

10. John Tyler

 

-John Tyler was the first Vice President to be elevated to the office of President by the death of his predecessor.

-Tyler voted against most nationalist legislation and opposed the Missouri Compromise.

11.James K. Polk

-Polk was the candidate who stood for expansion. He was in favour of annexation of California, Texas and Oregon. He signed a treaty with the British to expan Canadian boundaries from the rockies to the Pacific.

-Polk sent an envoy offering Mexico $20,000,000 plus damage claims from American in exchange for California and the New Mexico Country. As no Mexican leader could cede half his country and still stay in power, Polk's offer was declined. Polk sent Gen. Taylor to the disputed area to exert pressure. The Mexicans saw this as an aggression. Congress declared war. Finally, in 1848, Mexico ceded New Mexico and California in return for $15,000,000 and American assumption of the damage claims. James Polk did much to add a vast area of land to America. He died on June 1849.

12. Zachary Taylor

-He spent a quarter of a century policing the frontiers against Indians. In the Mexican War he won major victories at Monterrey and Buena Vista.

-Northerners and Southerners disputed sharply whether the territories wrested from Mexico should be opened to slavery, and some Southerners even threatened secession.

-Taylor urged settlers in New Mexico and California to draft constitutions and apply for statehood, bypassing the territorial stage.

 

13. Millard Fillmore

-Taylor's Cabinet resigned and President Fillmore at once appointed Daniel Webster to be Secretary of State, thus proclaiming his alliance with the moderate Whigs who favored the Compromise.
-Throughout the Civil War he opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson.

14. Franklin Pierce

The United States might have to acquire additional possessions for the sake of its own security, he pointed out.

-Pierce sent James Gadsden to Mexico to buy land for a southern railroad. He purchased the area now comprising southern Arizona and part of southern New Mexico for $10,000,000.

15. James Buchanan

-James Buchanan was the only President who never married.

16. Abraham Lincoln

-As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national organization. -On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy.

-On Good Friday, April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre in Washington by John Wilkes Booth, an actor.

 

17. Andrew Johnson

Radical Republicans in Congress moved vigorously to change Johnson's program. The Radicals' first step was to refuse to seat any Senator or Representative from the old Confederacy. Next they passed measures dealing with the former slaves. Johnson vetoed the legislation. The Radicals mustered enough votes in Congress to pass legislation over his veto--the first time that Congress had overridden a President on an important bill. They passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which established Negroes as American citizens and forbade discrimination against them.

18. Ulysses S. Grant

In the Mexican War he fought under Gen. Zachary Taylor.
He sought to win control of the Mississippi Valley. In February 1862 he took Fort Henry and attacked Fort Donelson.Grant maneuvered and fought skillfully to win Vicksburg, the key city on the Mississippi.

19. Rutherford B. Hayes

-Lucy Webb Hayes carried out her husband's orders to banish wines and liquors from the White House.

-Hayes pledged protection of the rights of Negroes in the South, but at the same time advocated the restoration of "wise, honest, and peaceful local self-government."

20. James A. Garfield

James A. Garfield attacked political corruption and won back for the Presidency a measure of prestige it had lost during the Reconstruction period.

21. Chester A. Arthur

Arthur also tried to lower tariff rates so the Government would not be embarrassed by annual surpluses of revenue.

-No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected."

22 and 24. Grover Cleveland

The First Democrat elected after the Civil War, Grover Cleveland was the only President to leave the White House and return for a second term four years later.

-He was the only President married in the White House.

23. Benjamin Harrison

 

25. William Mckinley

-Foreign policy, dominated McKinley's Administration. Reporting the stalemate between Spanish forces and revolutionaries in Cuba, newspapers screamed that a quarter of the population was dead and the rest suffering acutely.Congress thereupon voted three resolutions tantamount to a declaration of war for the liberation and independence of Cuba.
- In the 100-day war, the United States destroyed the Spanish fleet outside Santiago harbor in Cuba, seized Manila in the Philippines, and occupied Puerto Rico.

26. Theodore Roosvelt

-Theodore Roosevelt, not quite 43, became the youngest President in the Nation's history.he vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy.

-During the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt was lieutenant colonel of the Rough Rider Regiment, which he led on a charge at the battle of San Juan. He was one of the most conspicuous heroes of the war.

-Aware of the strategic need for a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific, Roosevelt ensured the construction of the Panama Canal.

-He won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese War, reached a Gentleman's Agreement on immigration with Japan, and sent the Great White Fleet on a goodwill tour of the world.

27. William Howard Taft

-Unlike Roosevelt, Taft did not believe in the stretching of Presidential powers. -Taft alienated many liberal Republicans who later formed the Progressive Party, by defending the Payne-Aldrich Act which unexpectedly continued high tariff rates.

28. Woodrow Wilson

Like Roosevelt before him, Woodrow Wilson regarded himself as the personal representative of the people.

-In 1917 he proclaimed American entrance into World War I a crusade to make the world "safe for democracy."

-One new law prohibited child labor; another limited railroad workers to an eight-hour day.

-After the election Wilson concluded that America could not remain neutral in the World War. On April 2,1917, he asked Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.

Wilson went to Paris to try to build an enduring peace. He later presented to the Senate the Versailles Treaty, containing the Covenant of the League of Nations

29. Warren G. Harding

Republicans in Congress easily got the President's signature on their bills. They eliminated wartime controls and slashed taxes, established a Federal budget system, restored the high protective tariff, and imposed tight limitations upon immigration.

30. Calvin Coolidge

-He twice vetoed farm relief bills, and killed a plan to produce cheap Federal electric power on the Tennessee River.
-The political genius of President Coolidge, Walter Lippmann pointed out in 1926, was his talent for effectively doing nothing:

31. Herbert Hoover

Herbert Clark Hoover brought to the Presidency an unparalleled reputation for public service as an engineer, administrator, and humanitarian.

32. Franklin D. Roosevelt

-Assuming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves."the only thing we have to fear is fear itself."

Social Security, heavier taxes on the wealthy, new controls over banks and public utilities, and an enormous work relief program for the unemployed.

-He also sought through neutrality legislation to keep the United States out of the war in Europe, yet at the same time to strengthen nations threatened or attacked. When France fell and England came under siege in 1940, he began to send Great Britain all possible aid short of actual military involvement.
-When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt directed organization of the Nation's manpower and resources for global war.

he devoted much thought to the planning of a United Nations, in which, he hoped, international difficulties could be settled.

33. Harry S. Truman

-During his few weeks as Vice President, Harry S. Truman received no briefing on the development of the atomic bomb or the unfolding difficulties with Soviet Russia. Suddenly these wartime problems became Truman's to solve when, on April 12, 1945, he became President.

-An urgent plea to Japan to surrender was rejected. Truman, after consultations with his advisers, ordered atomic bombs dropped on cities devoted to war work. Two were Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japanese surrender quickly followed.
-In 1947 as the Soviet Union pressured Turkey and, through guerrillas, threatened to take over Greece, he asked Congress to aid the two countries, enunciating the program that bears his name--the Truman Doctrine.

-When the Russians blockaded the western sectors of Berlin in 1948, Truman created a massive airlift to supply Berliners until the Russians backed down. Meanwhile, he was negotiating a military alliance to protect Western nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, established in 1949.

34. Dwight D. Eisenhower

-He worked incessantly during his two terms to ease the tensions of the Cold War. In 1953, the signing of a truce brought an armed peace along the border of South Korea. The death of Stalin the same year caused shifts in relations with Russia.

35. John Kennedy

Kennedy was the youngest man elected President; he was the youngest to die.
Kennedy became the first Roman Catholic President.
"Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country".

36. Lyndon B. Johnson

-He carried on the rapidly growing struggle to restrain Communist encroachment in Viet Nam.
-In 1964, Johnson won the Presidency with 61 percent of the vote and had the widest popular margin in American history--more than 15,000,000 votes.

37. Richard M. Nixon

During his Presidency, Nixon succeeded in ending American fighting in Viet Nam and improving relations with the U.S.S.R. and China. But the Watergate scandal brought fresh divisions to the country and ultimately led to his resignation.
-He was the first president ever to resign.

38. Gerald R. Ford

In foreign affairs Ford acted vigorously to maintain U. S. power and prestige after the collapse of Cambodia and South Viet Nam. Preventing a new war in the Middle East remained a major objective; by providing aid to both Israel and Egypt, the Ford Administration helped persuade the two countries to accept an interim truce agreement.

39. Jimmy Carter (James Earl Carter)

He dealt with the energy shortage by establishing a national energy policy and by decontrolling domestic petroleum prices to stimulate production. He prompted Government efficiency through civil service reform and proceeded with deregulation of the trucking and airline industries. He sought to improve the environment. His expansion of the national park system included protection of 103 million acres of Alaskan lands. To increase human and social services, he created the Department of Education, bolstered the Social Security system, and appointed record numbers of women, blacks, and Hispanics to Government jobs.
He succeeded in obtaining ratification of the Panama Canal treaties.Building upon the work of predecessors, he established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and completed negotiation of the SALT II nuclear limitation treaty with the Soviet Union.

40. Ronald Reagan

-Reagan Revolution, which aimed to reinvigorate the American people and reduce their reliance upon Government. Reagan obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, curb inflation, increase employment, and strengthen national defense. He embarked upon a course of cutting taxes and Government expenditures, refusing to deviate from it when the strengthening of defense forces led to a large deficit.
-During his two terms he increased defense spending 35 percent, but sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union. In dramatic meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, he negotiated a treaty that would eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. Reagan declared war against international terrorism, sending American bombers against Libya after evidence came out that Libya was involved in an attack on American soldiers in a West Berlin nightclub.
-By ordering naval escorts in the Persian Gulf, he maintained the free flow of oil during the Iran-Iraq war. In keeping with the Reagan Doctrine, he gave support to anti-Communist insurgencies in Central America, Asia, and Africa.

41. George Herbert Walker Bush

Bush faced a dramatically changing world, as the Cold War ended after 40 bitter years, the Communist empire broke up, and the Berlin Wall fell. The Soviet Union ceased to exist; and reformist President Mikhail Gorbachev, whom Bush had supported, resigned.

-President Bush sent American troops into Panama to overthrow the corrupt regime of General Manuel Noriega, who was threatening the security of the canal and the Americans living there. Noriega was brought to the United States for trial as a drug trafficker.
-When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, then threatened to move into Saudi Arabia. Vowing to free Kuwait, Bush rallied the United Nations, the U. S. people, and Congress and sent 425,000 American troops.

42. Wiliam Jefferson Clinton (Bill Clinton)

In 1998, as a result of issues surrounding personal indiscretions with a young woman White House intern (Monica Lewinsky), Clinton was the second U.S. president to be impeached by the House of Representatives.

-He successfully dispatched peace keeping forces to war-torn Bosnia and bombed Iraq when Saddam Hussein stopped United Nations inspections for evidence of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. He became a global proponent for an expanded NATO, more open international trade, and a worldwide campaign against drug trafficking.

43. George Walker Bush

The attacks of September 11th changed America. President Bush declared war against terror and has made victory in the war on terrorism and the advance of human freedom the priorities of his Administration

.-Already, the United States military and a great coalition of nations have liberated the people of Afghanistan from the brutal Taliban regime and denied al Qaeda its safe haven of operations. Thousands of terrorists have been captured or killed and operations have been disrupted in many countries around the world.